Estimating causal effects of ballot order from a randomized natural experiment: the California alphabet lottery, 1978-2002
In general elections only minor party candidates affected; in primaries major party candidates gain one to three percentage points and minor party candidates may double their vote shares; nonpartisan races show about three points.
In general elections only minor party candidates affected; in primaries major party candidates gain one to three percentage points and minor party candidates may double their vote shares; nonpartisan races show about three points.
Written from the abstract read 2026-10-12.
What our sources record
Reproduced as it was written when this source was checked, figures and all.
doi:10.1093/poq/nfn018. Abstract read: in general elections only minor party candidates affected; in primaries major party candidates gain one to three percentage points and minor party candidates may double their vote shares; nonpartisan races show about three points.