Self-Criticism
Self-criticism is the habit of attacking yourself for falling short, as distinct from noticing that you fell short. Its defining move is the jump from "I did a bad thing" to "I am a bad thing". Nobody has shown that harsh self-talk improves anything, and several lines of work show it travels with worse outcomes. The most useful finding separates two things that usually arrive bundled: high standards predict better progress, and the self-attack that comes with them predicts worse.
What it is
Two students miss the same deadline. One thinks, that was badly planned, I will start earlier next time. The other thinks, this is what I am like, I always do this, there is something wrong with me. The second is doing something extra, and the research says the extra thing costs rather than helps.
The construct runs from the ordinary inner commentary after a bad day up to a stable personality pattern in which a person's sense of worth is permanently on trial. Sidney Blatt established the clinical version in 1974 as a vulnerability to depression, the pattern he called introjective, with David Zuroff as his main collaborator. Credit is recorded at medium confidence: Blatt owns the construct as a depression vulnerability, but self-criticism as a plain description of something people do long predates him.