Gradients of approach and avoidance responses and their relation to level of motivation
Brown's 1948 paper in the Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology measured how hard harnessed rats pulled towards the reinforcement. As the 2006 review by Kivetz and colleagues describes it, rats stopped closer to the food pulled harder than rats stopped farther away. No figure is used in the article.
Brown's 1948 paper in the Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology measured how hard harnessed rats pulled towards the reinforcement. As the 2006 review by Kivetz and colleagues describes it, rats stopped closer to the food pulled harder than rats stopped farther away. No figure is used in the article.
Written from the citation and Crossref record; findings as described in the 2006 review by Kivetz and colleagues (secondary report), 2026-11-02.
What our sources record
Recorded when this source was checked, figures included, with page references and quotation marks removed.
Brown, J. S. (1948). Gradients of approach and avoidance responses and their relation to level of motivation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 41(6), 450-465. doi:10.1037/h0055463 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055463