A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation
Elliot and Church, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72(1), 1997, 218-232. Hierarchical model tested in a college classroom with mastery, performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. Performance-avoidance goals were linked to fear of failure and low competence expectancies, performance-approach goals to high competence expectancies and fear of failure, mastery goals to achievement motivation and high competence expectancies. Mastery goals raised intrinsic motivation and graded performance; performance-avoidance goals undermined both.
Elliot and Church, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72(1), 1997, 218-232. Hierarchical model tested in a college classroom with mastery, performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. Performance-avoidance goals were linked to fear of failure and low competence expectancies, performance-approach goals to high competence expectancies and fear of failure, mastery goals to achievement motivation and high competence expectancies. Mastery goals raised intrinsic motivation and graded performance; performance-avoidance goals undermined both.
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Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 218-232. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218