A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures.
Forscher and colleagues ran a network meta-analysis of 492 studies to ask whether procedures can change implicit measures, which they treat as response biases on implicit tasks, and how such procedures affect explicit and behavioural outcomes. Implicit measures can be changed, but the effects are generally modest, and most studies tested brief, single-session manipulations aimed at short-term change. Procedures that linked concepts, activated goals or motivations, or depleted mental resources produced the largest changes, and those inducing threat, affirmation or specific moods produced the smallest. Tests for bias suggested the reported effects may be overstated. Explicit measures changed less consistently than implicit ones, behavioural changes were typically trivial, and changes in implicit measures did not account for changes in explicit or behavioural measures.
Forscher and colleagues ran a network meta-analysis of 492 studies to ask whether procedures can change implicit measures, which they treat as response biases on implicit tasks, and how such procedures affect explicit and behavioural outcomes. Implicit measures can be changed, but the effects are generally modest, and most studies tested brief, single-session manipulations aimed at short-term change. Procedures that linked concepts, activated goals or motivations, or depleted mental resources produced the largest changes, and those inducing threat, affirmation or specific moods produced the smallest. Tests for bias suggested the reported effects may be overstated. Explicit measures changed less consistently than implicit ones, behavioural changes were typically trivial, and changes in implicit measures did not account for changes in explicit or behavioural measures.
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Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(3), 522-559. doi:10.1037/pspa0000160