The dark side of self- and social perception: Black uniforms and aggression in professional sports
Frank and Gilovich examined whether professional football and ice hockey teams in black uniforms were more aggressive. Penalty records showed black-uniformed teams near the top of their leagues for penalties, and teams that changed to black uniforms were penalised more immediately. Two laboratory experiments suggest the pattern comes from biased judgments by referees and from the players' own increased aggressiveness, which the authors relate to a situated view of the self. Journal of record: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54(1), 74-85, 1988.
Frank and Gilovich examined whether professional football and ice hockey teams in black uniforms were more aggressive. Penalty records showed black-uniformed teams near the top of their leagues for penalties, and teams that changed to black uniforms were penalised more immediately. Two laboratory experiments suggest the pattern comes from biased judgments by referees and from the players' own increased aggressiveness, which the authors relate to a situated view of the self. Journal of record: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54(1), 74-85, 1988.
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Frank, M. G., & Gilovich, T. (1988). The dark side of self- and social perception: Black uniforms and aggression in professional sports. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(1), 74-85. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.74 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.74