Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior
In two experiments on real helping, soccer fans encountered an injured stranger. In the first, a stranger in an own-team shirt received more help than one in an unbranded sports shirt. In the second, a more inclusive category was made salient to the helpers, and help extended to people previously seen as out-group members but not to people who showed no sign of group membership. Reading depth: abstract only; no sample sizes used.
In two experiments on real helping, soccer fans encountered an injured stranger. In the first, a stranger in an own-team shirt received more help than one in an unbranded sports shirt. In the second, a more inclusive category was made salient to the helpers, and help extended to people previously seen as out-group members but not to people who showed no sign of group membership. Reading depth: abstract only; no sample sizes used.
Written from the abstract, PubMed and Crossref records, 2026-11-01.
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Levine, M., Prosser, A., Evans, D., & Reicher, S. (2005). Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(4), 443-453. doi:10.1177/0146167204271651 https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271651