Concepts (page 22)
- Negative Transfer
Negative transfer is the finding that a skill learned in one setting can actively degrade performance in a new one, because the old response is fast, automatic and wrong. The study of transfer of…
- Negativity Bias
Negativity bias is the claim that bad events command attention more powerfully than neutral or good ones, usually compressed to the phrase "bad is stronger than good". Nir Eyal uses it as one of…
- Neuroadaptation
Neuroadaptation is the process by which repeated exposure to a stimulus reshapes the response to it, so that the pleasure side weakens and gets shorter while the opposing response after it…
- Neuroaesthetics
Neuroaesthetics is the study of what happens in the brain and the body when a person makes, performs or encounters art, design, music, dance, architecture or anything else carrying aesthetic weight…
- Neuroarts
Neuroarts is the applied and advocacy arm built on top of neuroaesthetics: the effort to get arts and aesthetic experience into medicine, education, architecture, urban design and workplaces…
- Neurodiversity
Neurodiversity is the position that variation in how people think and feel is normal biological variation rather than pathology, and that some of what gets labelled a severe disorder is better read…
- Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity is the adult brain's capacity to reorganise itself, structurally and functionally, in response to how it is used. Michael Merzenich demonstrated it in monkeys in 1968, against an…
- New Thought
New Thought is a nineteenth-century American metaphysical movement holding that mind is prior to matter, that illness and misfortune follow from wrong belief, and that right thought reorders the…
- Nocebo
A nocebo effect is the production or worsening of symptoms by the expectation of harm, the mirror image of the placebo effect. The symptoms are real; what differs is that their cause lies in…
- Nostalgia
Nostalgia is a past-oriented, self-relevant and bittersweet emotion, a fond remembering of one's own history with loss inside the pleasure. Johannes Hofer coined the word in a 1688 Basel…
- Objective Self-Awareness
Objective self-awareness is Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund's 1972 theory that attention has a direction, and that pointing it at yourself changes what you do. Made an object of your own…
- Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is B.F. Skinner's finding that behaviour is shaped by its consequences rather than by conscious intent: reward or punish an action and its future frequency changes. The sharper…